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Ocean - Lake Lifeguarding - Expert Infographic on Rip Currents & Beach Safety
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Food Safety – Expert Introduction to Food Safety/Contamination Prevention
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Traffic Roundabouts - Expert Article on How Roundabouts Differ from Traffic Circles
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Building Demolition - Expert Article on Structural Engineers in Demolition
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Library - Robson Forensic

Robson Forensic Library

This is a listing of everything currently in our library. You can sort these items by using the links to the right.

In addition to the traditional drowning risks associated with swimming pools, the dynamic environments of oceans and lakes include hazards associated with changing tidal and weather conditions. In these dynamic environments, Lifeguards are responsible for ensuring the public’s safety through consistent and vigilant monitoring of the waterfront and active management of patrons.

There is a shared responsibility for safety between lifeguards and swimmers. Know your facts about beach safety, the proper terminology, and industry specific standards of care.

Effective sanitary programs, employee training, and managerial oversight are the cornerstone of any safe food operation. Despite industry specific training and quality assurance programs, consumers are regularly exposed to burns/scalds, allergens and other contaminants.

The flow of food is a term commonly used in the restaurant industry to describe how food moves from the farm to the table. There is a shared responsibility for safety along the flow of food to ensure the safe consumption of food products; each party is responsible for their own share in the process.

Although they are similar, there are distinct differences between roundabouts and traffic circles. In this article, Highway Engineer, Richard M. Balgowan, P.E., P.P., CPWM, CPM, discusses both roadway features with a specific focus on the benefits of mondern roundabouts and how they offer advantages in both safety and efficiency.
Demolition is defined as the dismantling, razing, destroying or wrecking of any building or structure. Demolition can be thought of as the “reverse” of construction; destroying a building as compared to creating it. However, both processes share many of the same engineering principles, construction techniques and safety concerns. Both processes require that the involved parties have an understanding of the type of structure involved and the need to recognize the order in which members must be installed or strengthened as construction progresses, and which members can be safely removed or weakened incrementally as demolition proceeds.

Towing and Recovery Company Responsibilities

Towing and recovery companies are called to all types of roadway incidents. Common roadways incidents include: vehicle breakdowns; vehicle collisions with other vehicles, fixed objects, animals, or pedestrians; run off the road; and load shift. Regardless of the type of incident, and who requested the service, once they arrive on-scene, towing and recovery companies are expected to:

  • Ensure Site Safety
  • Recover & Remove Vehicles from Incident Scene
  • Provide Safe Keeping for Vehicles and Property

For more information on this topic:

The most widely accepted method for evaluating project delay/disruption claims is the Critical Path Method (CPM). The CPM is a mathematically based algorithm for scheduling a set of project activities.

There are numerous ways to approach a schedule delay analysis. The methods selected are often a function of the type of claim and the documentation available from which to develop the analysis. The approaches to schedule delay analysis all share a common theme; they are after-the-fact, based on a combination of historical data, assumptions and estimates.
Truck fuel tanks look and function about the same now as they did 50 years ago. Aside for a modification that eliminated fuel lines from hanging at the lowest part of the vehicle, not much else has been modified. In this article, vehicle engineer, Erin Shipp, P.E. takes a critical look at the design of modern heavy-truck fuel tanks and offers a safer alternative to reduce the liklihood of fuel-fed fires in trucking crashes.
The measured mile approach of evaluating construction delay claims compares productivity during periods of a project that have been adversely impacted to the productivity levels during periods that were not impacted, or that were unhindered. This unimpacted or unhindered period of performance is referred to as the “Measured Mile”, which is used as the baseline to predict what the contractor’s cost performance should-have-been, or would-have-been.
Guardrail systems most often fail at their connection points, particularly the connection between the bottom of the system and the floor to which it is mounted. Some failure mechanisms can be quite complex consisting of multiple issues while other failures may be quite simple. An example of a “simple” failure would be one whose anchor bolts were installed too close to the free edge of the concrete substrate, resulting in inadequate structural support for the minimally prescribed loads. Other failure mechanisms may include poor welding, spalled and cracked concrete, faulty initial design, deteriorated wood or just inadequate maintenance.
The illustration in the attached PDF calls out common concerns for proper bicycle assembly. Bicycles can be purchased from Independent Bicycle Dealers (IBDs) or from mass market retailers (big box stores). Both types of retailers have the same responsibilities regarding the safety of the product, but often have differing standards for the employees doing the assembly.

The experts at Robson Forensic commonly investigate serious bicycle crash related injuries caused by improper assembly including brake failure, drive train failure and insufficient connecting hardware torque. If you seek an expert in the design, assembly, maintenance and repair of bicycles please contact Bicycle Expert, Luke Elrath, to discuss your case and how we can help.

According to US Coast Guard statistics, Personal Watercraft (PWC) were associated with 764 injuries and 44 deaths in 2011. The Marine Practice Group at Robson Forensic frequently investigates and reconstructs incidents involving PWCs; including issues related to operator actions, Rules of the Road, safe operating distance/speed, and proper lookout. 

For your convenience, our PWC Expert, Terry Harvey, has created the  PWC Anatomy 101 reference sheet. This reference not only labels the parts of a PWC, it also describes some of the operational issues that are commonly central to cases inovlving PWCs.

Since 1987 Robson Forensic has investigated numerous scalding cases; as a result of these investigations, we have determined that a majority of these incidents were caused by either 1) an improperly installed or set tempering/mixing valve, or 2) an excessively high temperature setting on a water heater. Either of these conditions can result in dangerously hot water and an increased risk of scalds. In some cases a lack of proper maintenance of the water heating equipment, an improperly installed or adjusted shower valve, and/or the actions of the injured person (or the entity charged with supervising the injured person) were also factors in the incidents.

Scalding burns are a function of the temperature of the water and the length of time of exposure to the water. For more information on Water Heaters, Shower Valves, and Mixing Valves, download the linked PDF.

Given contemporary knowledge and building technology, there are now far fewer reasons for fire, in properly designed and maintained, modern buildings, to cause loss of life.

According to National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) statistics, in 2011, there were 1,389,500 fires reported in the United States. These fires caused 3,005 civilian deaths, 17,500 civilian injuries, and $11.7 billion in property damage.

The attached document contains information on the history of life safety in buildings as well as the modern building and life safety codes.
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is designed to protect workers from serious workplace injuries or illnesses resulting from contact with chemical, radiological, physical, electrical, mechanical, or other workplace hazards. Besides face shields, safety glasses, hard hats, and safety shoes, protective equipment includes a variety of devices and garments such as goggles, coveralls, gloves, vests, earplugs, and respirators.
The attached document includes an illustration that represents a common fence used to surround residential pools. The fictional fence in this document meets some of the basic industry recommendations, while falling short of others. An introduction to the standards relevant to pool fences is included.

The experts at Robson Forensic commonly investigate drownings and pool related injuries involving a range of issues, including fences/guarding, suction entrapment, warnings, diving injuries, chemical exposures, water borne illnesses, and many others. If you seek an expert in the design or operation of a residential swimming pool or commercial aquatic facility, please contact Aquatics Expert, Maria Bella, AFOIT, CPOI, LGI, to discuss your case and how we can help.
In this article, Premises Security Expert, Donald J. Decker, discusses security as it relates to parking lots and parking garages. This article was published by HospitalityLawyer.com in their December 2012 eMagazine.
The placement of different types of overhead lines on poles is governed by the National Electric Safety Code. Electric supply lines are placed in the upper area of the pole. Lines carrying the highest amount of energy or highest voltage are placed near the top of the pole with lower voltage lines placed below. Often a shield wire or static wire is strung above these lines to protect them from a lightning strike. Below the electric supply lines is a neutral space that separates the electric supply space from the communications space. This area protects communication workers from higher energy lines. The communication space consists of telephone, cable TV, fiber, and signal lines.

In 2012 434,000 hybrid/electric vehicles including passenger cars, SUVs and pickup trucks were sold in U.S. These vehicles incorporate a variety of configurations to combine a conventional combustion engine with an electric motor paired with a rechargeable battery to deliver enhanced performance, superior fuel economy and ultra low emissions.

Despite the environmental advantages associated with hybrid vehicles, they may present unique safety concerns not associated with conventional vehicles. Key areas of concern include:

  • Operating Safety
  • Computer Controlled Transmission
  • Batteries
  • Brakes
  • Crashworthiness
  • Post Crash Safety
In this case, four motorcycles and an automobile were involved in a crash on a multi-lane highway. The crash occurred at night on an unlighted area of the roadway, and was related to a police stop of traffic. Multiple collisions occurred and a motorcyclist died while three other motorcyclists were injured. Robson Forensic performed a crash reconstruction utilizing the roadway evidence, vehicle evidence, testimony and motorcyclists' injuries to prove how the events involved in the crash occurred and if the actions of the motorcyclists were foreseeable. The multiple events and sequences in the crash were incorporated into an animation made by Gary Dohanish and Associates.

A Road Weather Information System (RWIS) consists of a network of Environmental Sensor Stations (ESS) connected to a computer. The stations are located adjacent to highways and bridges. Currently, all 48 contiguous states have environmental sensor stations and use RWIS; however, the majority of these stations are located in the Snowbelt states.

RWIS provides users, such as state Departments of Transportation, with the ability to make timely and efficient winter maintenance decisions. RWIS, especially for winter maintenance, can provide decision makers with critical information on the current and future condition of pavement surfaces. This allows those decision makers to be proactive in mobilizing maintenance forces to anti/deice their pavements so as to provide motorists with safer and more efficient travel.

In this particular case, the plaintiff and her party had reported rain during their approach to the crash site. Yet, the nearest recording stations just showed a trace of rain. With the application of the Doppler weather records we were able to show that the rainfall was sufficient to have washed asphalt resurfacing products in to the adjacent lane.
Bicycle racing encompasses a diverse group of sporting events. USA Cycling oversees five different disciplines: road, mountain bike, track, cyclo-cross, and BMX. Within those disciplines there are different types of events that allow a large number of possibilities for competitive and non-competitive events. USA Cycling outlines rules for the five disciplines within their Rule Book. There are a variety of other race types that are not specifically governed by USA Cycling. Regardless the type of race involved in your case, the experts at Robson Forensic can help you understand the applicable standards of care.

United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania concludes that testimony of Robson Forensic's expert in biomechanics, injury causation and liability, in a case involving an amusement ride, is both relevant to the jury's determination of negligence, and within his area of expertise.

In the attached opinion the presiding Judge found that:

  1. Mr. Lacek’s Expert Report details measures that Defendant could have taken to prevent the injury .. including the installation of restraints that would have insured that patrons would remain within the confines of the car in which they were riding. [….] Mr. Lacek’s proposed testimony is however, obviously calculated to assist the trier of fact and based upon scientific principles. As such, it is relevant to the jury’s determination.
  2. Based upon Lacek’s educational achievements, work experience, and professional associations … he possesses the requisite level of expertise to assist the jury in understanding the nature and cause of the accident in question.
Homicide by Vehicle
(Cases - 01/21/13)
The driver of a dump truck was driving northwest along the orange route shown below when he ran a stop sign and collided with a mid sized car with 3 occupants that was travelling along the blue line shown below. The driver of the car was killed and the two passengers were injured as a result of the crash. The driver of the dump truck was charged with homicide by vehicle, aggravated assault, recklessly endangering another person, involuntary manslaughter, and a stop sign violation.
Since at least 1877, railroads have been required to give reasonable and timely warning of a train’s approach and to take reasonable care to prevent injury to roadway users. Originally, this was nothing more than the train’s whistle and a set of crossed signs reading “RAILROAD CROSSING”. Today, it can be as sophisticated as 4-quadrant gates and vehicle presence detectors that signal the train if a vehicle is stuck on the tracks.

Regardless of the warning and protective devices present, the vehicle operators who do cross the tracks are bound to exercise ordinary care and diligence to ascertain whether a train is approaching.

Sight distance can be very important. Since about 90,000 of the existing grade crossings have no flashing lights or gates to warn of a train’s approach, it is necessary that the vehicle driver can see down the tracks for trains and make correct decisions about crossing safely. This means the vehicle operator must be able to see an approaching train in time to stop or if already stopped, see sufficient clear track so that he can accelerate and safely clear the crossing. The FHWA Railroad-Highway Grade Crossing Handbook describes various distances depending on the speed of the vehicle and of the train, as shown in the table within this document, Sight Distances for Combinations of Highway Vehicles and Train Speeds.
Providing protection for vehicle occupants in side impact collisions presents a challenge to vehicle engineers. Compared with frontal impacts, there is a relatively shallow crumple zone for deformation between the occupants and the closest vehicle side-structure.

A stiff side and roof structure combine to protect the occupant from injury by maintaining survival space, and dissipating the force of the collision away from the occupant. Safety cage designs, such as those used by Volvo, Mercedes, and Subaru for decades, are the forefront of side impact occupant protection.

Based upon the setting, an individual with a disability can be known as a student, resident, patient, client or consumer. These settings vary and may include, among others, schools, residential rehabilitation facilities, hospitals, nursing homes and long term care facilities.

Regardless of the setting or the descriptive term, an individual with a disability that is served by an agency or system requires a Plan for services. This Plan changes in format and title depending upon the setting and State but essentially, is a document centered around a person’s individual needs that describe the services that person requires to reach his/her maximum potential.

This person centered Plan is holistic and inclusive. It is developed by a team of professionals, paraprofessionals and/or direct care workers with the individual and, when appropriate, the family/guardian.

Many reconstructionists prefer to rely on EDR data to provide an unbiased measure of pre-impact actions and impact speeds. However, there are times that EDR information should not be relied upon, or requires in depth interpretation, such as when:

  • The EDR data contradicts physical evidence
  • The data is out of the common driving range (low or high)
  • There is a discontinuity in the data (flat lines, spikes, etc.)
  • Events such as multiple impacts, airborne, rollover, or narrow objects collisions
  • The ownership of the data is disputed or the chain of evidence is suspect

When a vehicle impacts multiple objects the timing of the recorded events can be flawed or out of sequence, as data is continually overwritten. Impacts that compromise the electrical system may yield bad data. Data in the EDR comes from multiple systems, this data can be out of sync or wrong compared to Airbag Control Module's timing circuit and accelerometer.

EDR components can corrode over time. Also data can be overwritten or plain wrong if the download is performed improperly. Collisions and vehicle maneuvers that alter the wheels speed relative to the actual vehicle speed can yield misleading data. This can occur when the vehicle goes airborne, loses or locks-up a wheel, rolls over or is cut in half. Narrow and light weight object impacts are often either not recorded or the data is flawed. The duration of the impact also may exceed the recording threshold of the EDR.

Hand-held circular saw (“skil saw”), table saw and miter saw hand injuries are frequently caused by the same type of occurrence: Kickback. Kickback occurs when the teeth of the saw blade, moving at tip speeds of 120 miles-per-hour impart sufficient force to cause the workpiece to move in a violent and unexpected manner.

Since 1987, the experts at Robson Forensic have investigated more than 500 incidents involving elevators, escalators, moving sidewalks, and other related equipment. When focusing on those incidents specific to elevators, three general case categories emerge.

  • Errant Door Function  - Incidents where the doors fail to properly open or close. Incidents commonly result in entrapments in the doorway or falls into the hoistway.
  • Sudden Drops  - Incidents involve a sudden and unexpected drop of the elevator car. Distance and severity of falls vary from case to case.
  • Misleveling  - Incidents where the elevator fails to come level with the finished floor. Often results in trips and falls entering and exiting the elevator car.

For your reference we have compiled statistics and valuable information sources in the Elevator Injury Investigations 101 Reference Guide.
Out of 4,114 worker fatalities in private industry in calendar year 2011, 721 or 17.5% were in construction. The leading causes of worker deaths on construction sites were falls. These falls are preventable through proper planning, the use of the right equipment, and appropriately training employees. OSHA 1926.501 requires employees to be protected from falling at heights six feet or more above a lower level.

For your convenience the Civil Engineers at Robson Forensic have compiled the OSHA Fall Protection Reference Guide. This guide covers the construction fall protection standards that are most commonly cited in the course of our casework.
Captain Jeffrey J. Fischer testified on behalf of plaintiff counsel in a case involving one worker who suffered injuries and another who died during a mooring accident at the port in Mobile, AL. Captain Fischer addressed the actions of the 3rd Mate, the person in charge of the after mooring station, as to the responsibilities and duties of the ship when mooring.
Philadelphia’s Robson Forensics Highway/Municipal Engineering Expert, Richard Balgowan, was recently designated a national Public Works Leadership Fellow (PWLF) by the American Public Works Association (APWA). As a PWLF fellow, Balgowan will mentor public works professionals enrolled in the APWA Donald C. Stone Center for Leadership Excellence (DCSCenter) throughout the year. He is among about 220 public works professionals from across North America who were recently inducted as Leadership Fellows (PWLF). The APWA Donald C.Stone Center’s Program Council determines the selection of recipients for the PWLF designation.
Motorycle Anatomy
(Articles - 11/15/12)
The CDC reports that 4,502 motorcyclists died in motorcycle crashes in 2010 and that motorcycle fatalities have increased 55% since 2000. The experts at Robson Forensic have investigated hundreds of motorcycles crashes. The crashes typically involve crash reconstruction, evaluation of operator actions, alleged defects related to design, manufacture or maintenance and issues related to roadways. The experts at Robson Forensic can assist you with these investigations.

This article covers some of the basic technical concepts of a motorcycle. Please contact our resident motorycle expert, Erin Higinbotham, P.E., with any additional questions.
The application of abrasives, chlorides and other chemicals used for snow and ice control are detrimental to our environment and infrastructure. It is critical that those involved in winter operations/snow and ice control understand how chemicals work and the importance of applying the right chemicals, at the right time and in the correct amounts. This can be accomplished by utilizing a winter operations management system that includes an anti-icing program. A successful winter operations management program includes many interconnected aspects such as operations; choice of materials/chemicals; equipment; decision making; personnel; planning, scheduling and monitoring progress; and public involvement.

This presentation was designed for and delivered to industry professionals by Municipal Engineering Expert, Richard M. Balgowan, P.E., P.P., CPWM, CPM.
Most automobile crash reconstructions are performed using the Conservation of Inertia (COI) method. This method is acceptable and appropriate for similarly sized vehicles; however, as the difference in mass between the colliding vehicles grows (such as heavy truck-automobile collisions), the COI method becomes increasingly sensitive to uncertainties in impact and departure angles. Using the Conservation of Energy (COE) method may be more reliable in heavy truck-automobile crashes as it does not depend on the angles of impact and departure.
Highway engineering expert, James Shultz, P.E., provided investigation and testimony that helped in securing a positive decision for his client in a crash case involving icy roadway conditions. The crash involved a stretch of highway that was negligently maintained; overgrown vegetation over and under the guardrails prevented proper drainage, thus causing ice to form, covering the roadway throughout a distance of about 100 yards. Crash reconstruction showed that the accident’s primary cause was an icy roadway.
Bicycle Anatomy
(Mailers - 10/12/12)
So that you can be more prepared to discuss a bicycle case with a client, or one of our experts, we have provided a diagram depicting the anatomy of a traditional road bike.

Our experts are steeped in all varieties of bicycles and are available to discuss the details of your investigation.
What's a FAA Form 337?
(Articles - 10/11/12)
Matthew D. Lykins, AP, IA, DME is both a maintenance expert with Robson Forensic and an experienced owner-pilot. This article on FAA Form 337 brings aircraft maintenance topics into focus from both perspectives.
Vehicle Restraint Systems 101
(Articles - 10/02/12)
Restraint systems and the vehicle structure are both key elements to vehicle crashworthiness. If there is little to no intrusion into the occupant area, the best way to limit injuries is to restrain the occupants as quickly as possible.

During a collision, a vehicle will rapidly change direction and/or speed. During this “crash pulse”, occupants will continue moving at the pre-impact direction and speed. The purpose of restraint systems are to (1)Slow the occupant over the longest possible time and (2)Distribute the crash forces over the largest area possible.

It is the deceleration forces (loads) that cause injuries.
Fundamentals of Stairway Design
(Mailers - 08/28/12)
Standards for stairways are derived from how people walk, act and see. The design and construction features of safe stairs are intended to provide the public with stairways that are consistent in design and construction, and that include features to assist them to use the stairs safely.
Parking lot safety can be improved by providing drivers and pedestrians reasonable access pathways, and signs and pavement markings similar to those they normally encounter on public roads. The featured parking lot shows a few of the issues that should be considered in parking lot design. This lot is representative of a lot involved in a hit-pedestrian case. As with many parking lots, there are good features and bad – some add to safety and some create hazards for drivers and pedestrians.
Bicycle Accident Statistics
(Articles - 07/31/12)
The UK Law Firm, Osbornes Solicitors LLP developed an informative graphic containing bicycle accident statistics in the UK. This graphic also provides helpful information promoting bicycle safety.
A family of five was devastated when a fire broke out in their apartment in the middle of the night. Two siblings died, the three survivors suffered smoke inhalation. Robson Forensic fire investigator, John L. Tinghitella, C.F.I., was retained to determine origin and cause of the fire and assess whether or not any dangerous conditions existed that contributed to the death/injury of those involved.
The July 2012 issue of Seaworthy magazine gives recognition to the exceptional research conducted by the experts at Robson Forensic (page 4).

The seminal study investigates the visibility of small boats and provides suggestions to the pilots of small and large watercraft to improve safety on the water.

For a complete copy of the study, Visibility Factors in Small Boat Collisions, contact either Robson Forensic or the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME).
A contractor undertook reconstruction work on a water treatment plant. The treatment plant remained in operation during the duration of construction, and treatment plant employees continued their usual duties, including inspections at all times of the day and night. Rigging used to lower demolished concrete by crane during the day was left in a walkway used by plant employees during their nighttime inspections. One of the employees tripped over the rigging and sustained serious injuries.

William E. J. Martin, AIA, NCARB, who is also a licensed general contractor, was retained to determine whether the rigging created a dangerous condition which caused the plant employee’s injuries.
Forecasting services have improved their ability to meet the needs of winter operations managers for accurate, timely forecasts of the weather on the mesoscale and microscale levels and for forecasts of the pavement temperature and condition. Winter operations managers need to know what will happen when precipitation hits the pavement. Will the pavement be warm enough to melt any accumulating snow? Will the pavement be so cold that rain will freeze to the surface on contact? Are conditions right for frost to form on bridge decks?

Roadway and Municipal Expert, Richard M. Balgowan, P.E., P.P., CPWM, CPM, discusses these topics and others in a brief article that was featured in TR News in 2009.
Roadway and Municipal Expert, Richard M. Balgowan, P.E., P.P., CPWM, CPM, evaluated the effectiveness of a moisture, frost, and ice early warning system. In his evaluation, he found the system to be effective as an early warning system with the potential benefit of reducing snow and ice related traffic accidents.
In response to complaints from residents about speeding on various streets, Roadway and Municipal Expert, Richard M. Balgowan, P.E., P.P., CPWM, CPM, worked with the public to develop a solution to their problems. The attached presentation details the process and describes the benefits achieved by installing a roundabout.
Environmental expert, Michael D. Klein, P.E., CHMM, presented information on the impacts and risks of hydraulic fracturing to a group of Pennsylvania based attorneys.
A worker suffered the partial amputation of a finger while moving the sliding bed of a large table saw used to cut foam panels for mattresses. The plaintiff’s finger became caught between the bottom surface of the sliding table bed and one of the stationary rails on which the bed of the table saw moved. The trapped finger tip was pinched and sheared off due to the sliding motion within the small space where the finger was caught. Robson Forensic was retained to determine if the sale, installation and arrangement of the machine created a dangerous or defective condition that was a cause of plaintiff’s injury.
In this article, Premises Security Expert, Donald J. Decker, discusses security as it relates to Bars, Taverns and Nightclubs. This article was published by HospitalityLawyer.com in their January/February 2013 eMagazine.
A Honda heading eastbound on a highway with two lanes in each direction, plus a central turn lane, collided head-on with a BWM attempting to exit a driveway and head westbound. In the course of litigation, each driver provided a substantially different version of how the collision occurred. Robson Forensic was retained to conduct reconstructions based on each driver’s description and determine which version was more consistent with the physical evidence: the damage to both cars and their final resting positions. The case resolved by settlement.
In January of 2003 a van with 6 workers aboard slid off the ramp for Exit 41 on Westbound I-78 in Watchung, NJ and struck a tree located about 35 feet from the edge of the ramp pavement. The collision resulted in the death of one worker and caused quadriplegia to another, who later died due to complications from injuries sustained in the impact. Robson Forensic reconstructed how the collision occurred and identified substandard and dangerous roadway conditions that caused the collision.

The case settled for over $7,000,000 prior to giving the case to the jury. Robson Forensic was retained by Attorney Craig Rothenberg of The Law Offices of Craig M. Rothenberg Law in Union, New Jersey.
An older driver pulled out from a driveway with sight obstructions to the left and the right. The motorcyclist, with right of way on the through road, was forced into an evasive braking maneuver; the motorcycle fell onto its side and then slid into the exiting car. The motorcyclist was severely injured.

Robson Forensic involved three experts: a highway engineer, a human factors specialist, and a motorcycle expert.

On the basis of Robson Forensic’s work this case resolved through settlement with the property owners on both sides of the driveway.
A motorcycle and car collided in an intersection. The motorcyclist landed in a yard on the other side of the car. The speed limit on the road was 25 mph. The motorcyclist was severely injured, the car driver less so.

How did this collision occur? What were its underlying causes? Who bears what responsibility? These are the questions Robson Forensic experts answered.

Our client in this case was Richard Greifinger, Esq., of Newark, N.J. Attorney Greifinger took this case from one where his client was criminally indicted and the defendant insurance company refused to pay a dime, to one where the case resolved by settlement.

For a copy of the report we prepared see…
Visibility Factors in Small Boat Collisions
(Speaking Engagements - 03/02/12)
BACKGROUND:
Collisions with recreational vessels consistently rank as a leading primary marine accident type. Robson Forensic conducted a research study, with the gracious participation of volunteers from Cecil County, Maryland,to examine the ability of a reasonably attentive lookout to detect and identify personal watercraft.
Robson Forensic was retained to determine if the forces generated in a two car, same direction crash were sufficient to cause injuries. The Plaintiff was driving slowly, approaching a stoplight, when the Defendant changed lanes and collided with the Plaintiff’s right front fender. Our Crash Reconstruction Expert reconstructed the crash to determine the speed and duration of the collision and calculated the change in velocity(Δv). Our Biomechanical Engineering Expert then evaluated Plaintiff medical records and, using our reconstructionists calculations, determined that the forces generated by the collision were insufficient to cause the Plaintiff’s injuries.
An independent contractor fell while descending from an engine cowling onto an A-frame stepladder in a helicopter assembly factory. The plaintiff lost his balance when an engine cover strut released and caused the engine cover to move. Robson Forensic was retained to determine if the actions of the parent company violated applicable standards of care and created a dangerous condition and/or procedure in a manner that was a cause of the Plaintiff’s injury.
A railroad has the right of way at a grade crossing and those who are crossing a railroad track are bound to exercise care and diligence to ascertain whether a train is approaching. However, the railroad and highway agencies must also exercise care to avoid injury to highway users through the design, construction and maintenance of the crossing and to provide reasonable and timely warning of an approaching train.
A construction worker was injured while installing aluminum flashing on the exterior of a building. At the time of the incident he was working on scaffolding, approximately 22 feet above the ground, when the aluminum flashing he was maneuvering came into contact with a high-tension electrical utility wire. The construction worker was shocked and fell to the ground through an unguarded opening in the scaffolding. An electrical engineer from Robson Forensic was retained to determine if the contractor and/or general contractor caused, failed to prevent, or permitted conditions to exist at the worksite which were unreasonably dangerous in a manner which caused the injury.
A seven-year-old boy suffered a traumatic brain injury when he fell from a piece of playground equipment at a shopping mall. Robson Forensic premises safety experts were retained to investigate the incident.
Robson Forensic was retained to determine if the forces generated in a two car, same direction crash were sufficient to cause injuries. The Plaintiff was driving slowly, approaching a stoplight, when the Defendant changed lanes and collided with the Plaintiff’s right front fender. Crash Reconstruction Expert, Steven J. Becker, reconstructed the crash to determine the speed and duration of the collision and calculated the change in velocity. Biomechanical Engineering Expert, Jamie R. Williams, Ph.D., then evaluated Plaintiff medical records and using Becker’s calculations, determined that the forces generated by the collision were insufficient to cause the Plaintiff’s injuries.
Robson Forensic was retained to determine if a Dodge engine failure was the result of an improper repair. The engine of a 2002 Dodge Intrepid with approximately 100,000 miles seized during highway driving only a few days after an Auto Shop had changed the oil. Opposing experts determined that the failure was caused by an improper repair. Vehicle Engineering Expert, Steven J. Becker, disassembled the engine to inspect the damage and the oil. He concluded that the engine failed as a result of a broken connecting rod, which subsequently broke the oil pan, causing the oil loss that seized the engine.
A woman and her daughter were caught in the crosswalk of a busy intersection when the traffic light changed. The Defendant accelerated from the opposite side of the intersection and impacted the Plaintiff and her daughter. Robson Forensic was retained to determine if the Defendant’s driving was improper in a manner that caused the collision. Crash Reconstruction Expert, Steven J. Becker, reconstructed the collision to determine the speed of the Defendant’s truck and demonstrated how the Defendant was driving inattentively and caused the collision.
A teen was assaulted in a mall parking lot after leaving a late night movie with friends, and sustained head and face injuries. As the boys were crossing the mall parking lot, they were assaulted by men that exited from a van. Premises security expert, Donald J. Decker, CPP, CPM, was retained to determine if the shopping mall, the contracted security vendor, and the movie theater violated the standard of care for security at a shopping mall and created a dangerous condition that caused this incident.
During a surfing trip a strap that was holding surfboards to the roof of a vehicle broke and a plaintiff was injured when the strap’s buckle struck him in the head. Plaintiff’s expert claimed that the strap was defective because the buckle was metal. He proposed a safer alternative design consisting of lighter, plastic buckles, and stated that this proposed design would have prevented the injuries.
A patron at a strip mall slipped and fell during winter weather while crossing from the sidewalk to the parking lot. Prior to his fall, ice had formed in the parking lot and sidewalk. After the property owner failed to address the ice, the manager of one of the stores spread cat litter in the parking lot to provide safe footing. After the fall, many parties were sued including the cat litter manufacturer with claims that cat litter is an unreasonably dangerous material to place on icy walkways and that wet cat litter in the parking lot caused the fall. Robson Forensic was hired to evaluate the validity of those claims.
A young woman attending a rock concert sustained injuries when she was struck in the head and neck by another concert patron who had been thrown from the stage by the musician’s security. Security for this event was contracted by the concert venue through a third party vendor. Additionally, the musician had his own security personnel. Robson Forensic security expert, Donald J. Decker, CPP, CPM, was retained to determine if the concert venue provided reasonable security for the event, and if the actions of the performer and his security personnel caused this incident.
A store manager at a national retail chain was shot three times by the estranged boyfriend of the store’s sales associate. The sales associate had a history of domestic violence incidents involving her boyfriend. The retailer utilized security cameras in the parking lot and retail area of the property. Also, they contracted with a third party security vendor to provide unarmed, uniformed security guards seven days a week. Robson Forensic premises security expert, Donald J. Decker, CPP, CPM, was retained to determine if the retailer provided reasonable security at the time of the incident.
A young woman was sexually assaulted while walking up the stairway of her apartment building. Robson Forensic premises security expert, Donald J. Decker, CPP, CPM, was retained to determine if the actions of the Housing Authority caused this incident.
A young woman was physically assaulted while standing outside of a medical arts building. She claimed that the assault was a result of failures on part of the property management company to provide adequate security, including a Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) system and patrolling security personnel. Robson Forensic premises security expert, Donald J. Decker, CPP, CPM, was retained to determine if the property management company provided adequate security.
A cyclist on a city street encountered a power company grate in the street, his front tire went into a gap in the grate, he crashed and was injured.

We inspected the grate and showed that ordinary bicycle tires could readily be trapped by the gap, that the gap was in a normal bicycle travel path and that cyclist activity was common in the area. We also showed that gaps such as this have been known for a long time to be dangerous to cyclists, and that the gap made the grate dangerous in a manner that was a cause of the cyclist's crash and injuries.

This event was typical of other bicycle collisions. The case resolved through settlement.
A construction worker sustained multiple injuries resulting from a work site fall. The worker was found lying on the second story floor of a three story building. One of the issues in dispute regarded the location from where the worker fell. Robson Forensic was retained to determine if the construction worker’s injuries were consistent with him falling through the uncovered framed skylight on the roof and to address issues regarding construction site management standards of care.
Robson Forensic is sponsoring a CSI inspired exhibit at the North Museum of Natural History & Science in Lancaster, PA. The exhibit exposes children to the skills forensics experts use every day, including data keeping and the scientific method.
A mother was killed when a drunk driver crashed into her vehicle. The crash was caused by a minor who had been served alcohol earlier in the evening at a local night club. Robson Forensic Dram Shop/Bar Operations expert, Elizabeth Trendowski, was retained to determine if the nightclub followed industry standard of care guidelines when they granted the minor entry into their establishment.
Design for Safe Walking
(Speaking Engagements - 11/30/11)
The architectural group at Robson Forensic collaborated with the American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) to provide an interactive presentation on using best demonstrated design practices to improve pedestrian safety. The scope of the discussion includes accommodating pedestrian walking requirements, aiding in the identification of hazards, preventing degradation by transient conditions, and maintaining the integrity of built environments over time.

View Presentation on ASSE Website
A two-vehicle, intersection collision occurred at a rural intersection. Robson Forensic determined corner sight distance was grossly substandard and a cause of the collision.
Falls are the most common and costly accident type for many commercial businesses. In the following article, published in the April 2011 Newsletter for HospitalityLawyer.com, the Premises Safety group at Robson Forensic provides a narrative regarding some of the most common causes of slip, trip, and fall injuries at hotels and retail establishments. The article also provides valuable precautions that should be taken to reduce the likelihood of fall injuries on stairs and walkways.
Gold Medal Awarded by AIA Florida
(Articles - 11/14/11)
Miguel Rodriguez was recently awarded the Gold Medal, the highest honor that AIA Florida presents its members. The Gold Medal is awarded to an AIA member who, through his/her dedication and service, advance the profession by taking a leadership position on practice issues, broad-based advocacy and meaningful professional development.
Tire Retread – Expert Investigates Fatal Truck Crash
(Verdicts \ Settlements - 10/22/11)
A 31-year-old truck driver was driving a front discharge concrete mixing truck when the front right tire blew out. The vehicle veered off the road and hit a shallow embankment. Upon impact, the drum of the concrete mixer broke into the cabin of the vehicle and crushed the driver. Emergency personnel found the driver dead.

Gary Derian, P.E. was retained to investigate the crash and determine if the failed tire was negligently retreaded and installed by the local service station.

This matter settled for $3,000,000.
A 57-year-old diabetic journeyman pipefitter, was hired to work on the overhaul of an industrial furnace. On the day of his injury, the victim worked approximately 10 hours, spending the better part of the day standing on and off the throat of the furnace in order to replace burners in the refiner. The inside temperature in the throat that day was raised to approximately 2000 degrees. When he went home after work and removed his work boots, he discovered that the soles of his feet had been seriously burned. Industrial Hygienist, Ron Schaible, was retained to determine if the manufacturer created a dangerous condition that contributed to the plaintiff’s injuries.
Video features Motorcycle Expert, Erin Higinbotham, riding his 450 cc project bike at Maxton, NC in September 2011. This motorcycle features a highly modified engine that began as a 600 cc R6 engine.
The driver of a Chevrolet Camaro lost control of his vehicle around a curve, skidded into the oncoming traffic lane, and was hit broadside by a Ford Escort. The front seat passenger in the Camaro was killed. Accident reconstruction by the State Police estimated the Camaro’s speed at 47 mph when it lost control; based on these findings the driver was charged with aggravated vehicular homicide. Robson Forensic was retained to reconstruct the crash and determine if the driver of the Camaro acted improperly in a manner that caused the death of the front seat passenger.
A pedestrian was struck and killed by a vehicle while attempting to cross midblock on a four-lane, urban roadway. The incident occurred at night as the victim was attempting to visit a nightclub on the southbound side of the roadway. The victim had parked her vehicle at an unrelated business on the northbound side of the roadway because the nightclub’s parking lot was in a state of disrepair. Street lights ran along the roadway. However, the street light in front of the club’s entrance was Out. Robson Forensic was retained to reconstruct the incident and determine the causes of the collision.
A five year old boy was injured by a carousel conveyor in a retail store. He was at the store with his parents when he placed one of his toys on top of a moving conveyor display. His toy fell from the moving conveyor to the floor. The boy bent down to pick up the toy and as he stood up, he raised his hand and it become entrapped and injured within the unguarded moving parts of the conveyor.
A firefighter sustained back injuries when the office chair he was sitting on failed, causing him to fall backwards onto the ground. Robson Forensic experts in product liability and metallurgy were retained to determine the causes of the incident.
A bicycle rider was catastrophically injured when he crashed a composite-framed, road bicycle. After the crash, the front fork (with wheel) and the right crankarm (with pedal) were found detached from the bicycle. The roadway in the area of the crash was unremarkable and not consistent with causing the crash. Robson Forensic was retained to determine if the bicycle was defective in a manner that caused the crash.
A mother was struck and killed by an approaching SUV while jogging with her two children in a stroller. The driver of the SUV may or may not have failed to stop at a Stop sign, causing the collision. Evidence of marijuana was found in the SUV. The driver of the SUV faced charges of vehicular homicide and vehicular homicide while under the influence. Robson Forensic vehicle engineering expert, Tom Lacek, P.E., was retained to reconstruct the crash to determine the driver’s impact speed and the victim’s pre-impact location when the driver began to react to the impending collision.
A woman was struck by a door while entering a national retail chain store. The entrance consisted of a pair of tall, heavy doors with pivot hinges and door closers. The door slammed into the woman before she had completely passed through the entrance and knocked her into a nearby merchandise display. She fell and sustained serious injuries, including broken bones. Robson Forensic architect/premises safety expert, William E. J. Martin, AIA, NCARB, was retained to determine if improper maintenance of the entrance caused the door to operate outside of established industry standards and caused the victim’s injuries.
Two tanks of pre-market pediatric vaccine toppled over and were destroyed while being transferred from a production facility in Canada to a testing facility in the United States. The vaccine was transported by a third party trucking company that specializes in refrigerated transportation of goods for the pharmaceutical industry. The loss was valued at approximately $750,000 US. Robson Forensic trucking expert, Brooks Rugemer, was retained to evaluate the cargo pick-up and securement procedures of the trucking company to determine if their actions were a cause of the loss.
A man attending his high school reunion held at a national hotel chain in South Carolina was exposed to Legionella bacteria and contracted Legionnaire’s disease. Robson Forensic aquatics safety expert, Maria Bella, AFOIT, CPOI, LGI, was retained to determine if the operation of the hotel hot tub violated the standard of care and was dangerous in a manner that caused the transmission of Legionella bacteria.
A patron at a local amusement park was injured when he dove from an elevated board into a swimming pool and struck the pool bottom with his face. He sustained an abrasion to his forehead and lacerations to his nose and the area above his upper lip. The plaintiff’s expert claimed that the actions of the local amusement park were unreasonable and caused this injury. Robson Forensic aquatics safety expert, Maria Bella, AFOIT, CPOI, LGI, was retained to determine if the amusement park violated standards of care for aquatic facilities in a manner that caused the diver’s injury.
A pedestrian sustained serious injuries when he was struck by an intoxicated driver. A blood specimen obtained from the driver approximately 30 minutes after the crash revealed a serum alcohol concentration of 0.176 g/dl. Robson Forensic experts in Toxicology and Liquor Liability were retained to determine: 1) the dose of alcohol consumed in the hours prior to the crash 2) if the driver’s alcohol concentration was consistent with the likelihood that she displayed visible signs of intoxication while patronizing the local social club 3) if the actions/inactions of the social club were reckless and breached the industry standard of care for the service of alcohol and contributed to the pedestrian’s injuries.
CCTV Security
(Articles - 10/04/11)
CCTV provides surveillance that can allow the operator to detect criminal activities and record the camera footage. CCTV surveillance loses its effectiveness without a meaningful response to a situation. Without a meaningful response, CCTV video becomes an aid in the investigation of a criminal act, not an effective deterrent.
Three teens injured in a drunken-driving accident settled their auto-negligence and dram shop claims for a combined $2.3 million.
Structural Engineer, Mark Duckett, PE, authored the attached article regarding the use of Helical Ground Anchors for "Anchoring" Tilt-Wall Braces in the Summer 2010 edition of the Building Officials Association of Florida (BOAF) newsletter.
A motorcycle collided with the rear of an automobile near an intersection on a multi-lane roadway. The plaintiff motorcyclist alleged that the defendant automobile driver turned right out of the intersection and directly into the right lane that the motorcyclist was traveling in. The automobile driver said that she pulled into the right lane when it was clear of traffic, but other traffic was in the left lane approaching the intersection. Eyewitness testimony was that the motorcyclist possibly changed lanes at the intersection and then collided with the rear of the automobile.
A 173 meter General Cargo vessel broke down while transiting Pentland Firth on a voyage from St. Petersburg, Russia to Houston, Texas. The breakdown was caused by a failure of the turbocharger. Robson Forensic marine engineering expert, Arthur Faherty, was retained to determine the likely cause of the turbocharger failure and if the actions/inactions of the shipping company were a factor in the casualty.
A fire broke out in a recently constructed upscale home during a heavy thunderstorm. Robson Forensic fire investigators were retained to investigate the fire and determine the origin and cause. Our investigator concluded that the origin of the fire was under the first floor where a hole was discovered in the flexible gas tubing. He determined that the hole had been created by a lightning strike. Based on these findings, additional Robson experts were engaged to determine if the work performed by the electrical contractor during the home’s construction was a cause of the hole in the gas tubing.
A butcher was seriously injured at work. The victim was standing between filling and canning machines, loading stacks of lids, when his supervisor asked him to hand over a tool; when the butcher reached over and between the two machines his jacket got caught on the rotating power take-off shaft, resulting in multiple fractures to his right arm.

Robson Forensic expert, Bart Eckhardt, P.E., opined that the machine manufacturer failed to provide an interlock for the power take-off shaft guard and that the manufacturer failed to ensure the power take-off shaft guard was with the machine when the equipment was resold to the plaintiff’s employer. The absence of a shaft guard exposed the plaintiff to an unreasonable hazard and was a cause of his injury.

The case settled for $510,000 in mediation.
A driver was injured when her car collided with a construction vehicle on a state highway. The construction vehicle exited a work zone from a median crossover between the northbound and southbound travel lanes and entered directly into the passing lane in the southbound direction. The injured driver crashed into the back of the construction vehicle. Robson Forensic experts were retained to determine the cause(s) of the incident.

This case settled favorably for our client before trial.
This bicycle/motor vehicle construction work zone collision resulted in the fatality of the bicycle driver. Liability was established against both the construction contractor and the design engineering firm.

We determined that the collision occurred when the bicycle driver, while riding on a long-established pedestrian/bike path adjacent to a 4-lane thoroughfare, and upon entering the construction work zone, traveled into the oncoming motor vehicle travel lane and was struck by an automobile.
This single-vehicle construction work zone collision resulted in serious injury to a passenger. Liability was established against both the construction contractor and the construction inspection firm.

We determined that: the collision occurred due to the car traveling at high speed and the road surface changing from paved to dirt/gravel as a result of construction activity; the crash occurred within a long-term construction work site; the only construction sign encountered by the driver in his approach to the work site was a Road Work Ahead sign; the street where the work was underway was used as a “cut through” by non-local traffic; the persistent high-speed non-local traffic through the construction site was dangerous to both the construction workers and the traffic; the contractor and the construction inspection firm were aware of, or should have been aware of, the speeding through-traffic prior to the collision, but made no change to the traffic control plan. Based on the facts and in accordance with standards for work zone traffic control, our expert opined that the contractor and the construction inspection firm: should have taken effective steps to detour the non-local traffic; and that the failure of the contractor and the construction inspection firm to employ reasonable and established measures to effectively close the street under construction to through traffic was improper and a substantial cause of the collision and resulting injury. The case settled during mediation.
A physician broke his arm while attempting to exit the run-out at the end of a waterslide. After the victim completed his descent of the slide, he rose to his feet and was struck by the following rider; his legs were knocked out from under him and he fell upon the edge of the waterslide, fracturing his humerus. Robson Forensic aquatic safety expert, Maria Bella, AFOIT, CPOI, LGI, was retained to determine if the waterpark operated the subject waterslide in a manner that caused this incident.
A patron at a nightclub climbed up on top of a 3 foot high speaker box platform and danced off the edge. Many people were sued. The club was a tenant at a Trade Center Development. We were engaged after it was claimed that the developer's architect, who reviewed the tenant drawings for the club, should have required guard rails around the top of the platform.
A security guard was badly scalded by hot water from an outdoor hose bibb. She had been patrolling a public housing complex when she saw water running and tried to shut off the valve. As soon as the hot water hit her skin, she was scalded. We measured the water temperature at over 185 degrees F. Tracing the lines back through the system showed ,how in the course of repairs, maintenance workers had piped the bibb from a tap into the nearby hot water piping instead of the cold.
While construction was being performed on an adjacent site, the owner of an 80,000 square foot, two story office building complained repeatedly of vibrations in his building. After the construction was over he later claimed to have just discovered significant damage to his five year old building that could only have been caused by the vibrations. We reviewed the claimed damage, the original construction drawings for the owner’s building and the history of the adjacent construction.
A couple hired a construction contractor and his newly-licensed architect son to design and build a high-end modern house. The design included large expanses of glass wall panels. The massive heating system (four air handlers and a boiler) was provided as a design/build effort by an HVAC subcontractor. Even so, during a relatively mild heating season the owners were unable to maintain comfort near the windows. In fact, so much water ran off the inside of the glass that it saturated adjacent surfaces and caused mold.
Brooks Rugemer - Commercial Trucking Specialist

A federal jury awarded nearly $3.5 million to the widow of a 26-year-old man who was killed instantly when the tractor-trailer he was repairing lurched forward because the driver allegedly pressed the ignition button while it was still in gear.
A construction worker was knocked off a trailer and injured when he was assisting a co-worker unloading pipe from a flat bed trailer.

The opposing expert opined that a dangerous condition existed and that the injured worker was intentionally exposed to that condition. After reviewing depositions, appropriate standards and regulations, and a report by the opposing expert, our expert was able to show that the incident was caused by an inadvertent and unintentional action of a backhoe operator that occurred without any notice. There was no dangerous condition to which the worker was exposed. Our expert was able to show the incident was caused by the backhoe operator failing to stop the hoisting action when the slack had been removed from the load sling. Instead of just removing the slack, the load line was over-tensioned and the load was lifted prematurely before the worker could move out of the path of the load. The unexpected and premature load movement knocked the worker off the truck bed and injured him.

The case resolved favorably. The injured worker obtained a small settlement and the contractor avoided being saddled with an intentional tort action. The settlement was based upon the report prepared by our expert and his strong deposition.
A construction worker was injured when he fell through a weakened portion of concrete deck that had been partially demolished via a piece of hydro-demolition equipment.

After reviewing depositions, photographs, appropriate standards and regulations, and a report by an engineering consultant, our expert was able to show the general contractor and the prime subcontractor both failed to exercise reasonable care for the work being performed, specifically that the hydro-demolition subcontractor changed nozzle settings on the equipment. The changed settings caused excessive amounts of concrete to be removed and permitted the demolition work to be performed quicker. The change in nozzle setting by the subcontractor and the failure of the general contractor to control its subcontractor resulted in the dangerous conditions that caused the worker’s incident and injuries.

The case resolved favorably for the injured worker with both the general contractor and demolition subcontractor settling based on the report prepared by our expert.
Throughout her career in design and development, Vehicle Engineer Erin Shipp, P.E. has used simple cardboard analogs to understand structures and how they fail. When she was retained for a case involving a Semi-Trailer that collapsed under the load of a forklift, she used a cardboard analog to simulate the failure.
Brent Leisenring engineered and managed a complex heavy rigging operation in which a 120 foot long, 600,000 pound reactor vessel had to be moved from a barge, two miles into and through an operating oil refinery, picked up and rotated into a vertical position and set, within 1/8 of an inch accuracy, onto 12 anchor bolts on a concrete foundation pad-without the use of a crane to handle the vessel in the refinery.
Workers in a fluorescent lighting manufacturing facility were exposed to mercury from recycling operations and were injured. Numerous plaintiffs were diagnosed with mercury poisoning. Robson Forensic expert, Ron Schaible, was retained by plaintiffs’ counsel to investigate this incident.
A woman was entering a medical office building when she was knocked down by the automatic sliding door at the main entrance to the building. The door unexpectedly closed even though she was in the path of its detector eyes. A Robson Forensic architect was retained to determine if the maintenance of the door caused the door to malfunction and injure the woman as she attempted to enter.
A woman was exiting a restaurant under a small canopy above the doors when she unexpectedly stepped across a single riser in the raised ‘porch’. The tile pavement continued across the step and into the restaurant, and she didn’t see the change in elevation as she was walking toward her parked car. The configuration of the entrance had been recently changed, and the redesign involved the services of an architect.

A Robson Forensic architect was retained to determine if the restaurant, who maintained the entrance, and the architect, who oversaw construction of the new entrance, created a dangerous condition that caused the woman’s injuries.
A man was exiting his apartment when his hand became entrapped in the security hardware on the interior door, and his hand was severely injured. His hand was caught between the interlocking pieces of a latch guard, one mounted on the door and the other on the frame.

A Robson Forensic architect was retained to investigate the configuration of the hardware and determine if it was dangerous and met the standard of care for safe door hardware configuration.
A young girl was visiting the apartment of her uncle and cousins when she leaned against the glass of a sliding door that led to the exterior patio. The glass broke into large shards that fell onto her. She was severely lacerated. The glass was original to the door, which was installed prior to the enactment of safety glazing requirements in building and property maintenance codes.

A Robson Forensic architect was retained to determine the requirements for glazing in the subject door, and if the apartment complex owner’s actions were reasonable in not replacing or protecting the glass.
A woman was walking toward a busy donut shop in a parking lot, when she was struck and killed by a vehicle driven by a person who had visited the same location every day for more than a year and was very familiar with the layout of the parking lot.

A Robson Forensic architect investigated the design and maintenance of the lot and determined that the parking lot lacked reasonable pedestrian and vehicle controls. The parking lot created dangerous traffic flows that created conflicts of vehicles with pedestrians.
Toxicologist, Michael McCabe, testified that the driver of a vehicle had a .24 blood alcohol level after a rear-end crash that severely injured the driver of the other vehicle -- three times the legal .08 blood alcohol threshold for driving while intoxicated in New York State.

A jury awarded $550,000 to the victim and placed nearly half the blame on the nightclub that served alcohol to the driver.
A national restaurant chain has agreed to pay $1.5 million to the family of a 20-year-old Riverside man who was killed in a 2008 drunken-driving accident, according to court records.

The settlement came just as lawyers for Dave & Buster’s and the family of the plaintiff were getting ready to pick a jury during the initial phases of a trial in state Superior Court.

The plaintiff was killed in September 2008 while riding his bicycle after defendant, 25, of Riverside, struck him during a late-night accident.
This is a fatal, hit-pedestrian, night time collision. The pedestrian walked in front of a SUV that pulled into the middle lane to make a left turn and then out in front of a car passing the turning SUV. We reconstructed the events of the collision and determined that the pedestrian walked out in front of the driver within the driver’s reasonable perception reaction time. The driver did not have enough time or distance to avoid collision. The cause of this collision was the pedestrian walking out in front of the driver. The driver’s actions were not improper in a manner that was a cause of the crash. The case settled at mediation.
Alcohol liability case against a restaurant stemming from an automobile collision. Plaintiff claimed that the collision occurred because of intoxicated customer left the restaurant and drove the wrong way down the Highway, crashing head-on into the plaintiff’s car, killing the 12 year old passenger and injuring his father.
Ronald D. Schaible, CIH, CSP covered the subject of indoor air quality (including mold) and the various causes, manifestations, health effects, evaluation methods, and selected control measures associated with “sick buildings,” including workplaces. How these issues apply to litigation of personal injury, property damage and worker’s compensation claims, as well as the identification of potentially responsible parties.
An embankment failure caused a road slip on a county road, requiring approximately $25,000 in repairs. The County Engineer claimed that the adjacent property owner’s construction of a horse barn was responsible for the failed embankment and sought financial retribution for the county. Robson Forensic was retained to determine the cause of the embankment failure and whether or not construction of the barn caused or contributed to the failure of the roadway embankment and subsequent road slip.
Towing / Recovery expert, Douglas J. Rowland, P.E., recounts a challenging towing job he managed involving a log processor in freezing conditions.

Doug’s experience as a heavy vehicle recovery and towing technician includes towing on and off-road, trucks ranging from tractor-trailer combinations to heavy construction equipment, winching and up-righting, proper loading and towing techniques, as well as securement. He is a mechanical engineer, licensed as a Professional Engineer in the State of New York. Doug has been performing forensic investigations across the United States since 2006.
Ron Schaible investigated an incident where workers in a laser laboratory were injured when they were exposed to toxic fluorine gas from an Excimer laser. The workers were working with the laser in accordance with accepted, standard operating procedures; the root cause of the failure was a broken Brewster window. This failure was investigated by a fractologist (glass expert), who was also a Robson Forensic expert. Ron determined various defective conditions that contributed to the inhalation injury, including failure to provide proper alarms (they were located too far away to notify and facilitate exit before exposure occurred), improper placement of respiratory protection in the event of an emergency (it was located outside of the laboratory), and improper ventilation in that the laser cabinet had local exhaust capabilities but was ineffective when the access panel was legitimately open and the gas escaped directly into the laboratory. Ron performed dose reconstruction calculations for various exposure scenarios, all of which strengthened the “more likely than not” opinion that the worker was overexposed to fluorine gas.
Hydraulic fracturing or “fracking” is a practice associated with unconventional natural gas development involving the high-pressure injection of water, sand, and chemicals deep underground to break up rock and shale formations and release deposits of natural gas. The fracking process has been known to create environmental problems such as contaminating groundwater that supplies communities with their drinking water, vapor intrusion of natural gas and chemicals into homes, and air pollution.
T-Rex Vehicle Registerable as a Motorcycle
(Verdicts \ Settlements - 03/30/11)
The opinion of Robson Forensic motorcycle expert, Erin Higinbotham, P.E., was critical in securing a court decision declaring the T-Rex as a registerable vehicle in Alberta, Canada. The court ultimately accepted arguments in favor of registering the T-Rex as a motorcycle. Follow the link below to see the court decision.
Hazardous / Nuclear Materials Expert, Michael D. Klein, P.E., CHMM, was interviewed on New 12 regarding the situation at Japan’s Fukushima plant and the potential implications for nuclear facilities across the United States.
How Safe Is My Bottled Water?
(Speaking Engagements - 03/23/11)
Environmental expert, Michael D. Klein, P.E., CHMM, presented on the sources and types of bottled water, bottled water disinfection, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation of bottled water, the requirements of the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act, bottled water terms, bottled water certification, and bottled water quality standards.
During inclement winter weather, a railroad employee was struck in the face while operating a manual turnout switch machine lever. The employee claimed that the railroad’s actions or omissions created an unreasonably dangerous condition that was the cause of the injury. The railroad alleged that improper action by the employee was the cause.

We showed that the alleged improper actions of the employee could not have caused the lever to strike the employee as it did, and that the railroad’s allegation was not supported by any evidence. We determined that the railroad’s failure to properly maintain the switch machine and its attachments during the inclement weather created an unreasonably dangerous condition that was a cause of the employee’s injury and that the railroad’s failure to provide adequate warnings and training with regard to a stored energy hazard deprived the employee of the information needed to do the job safely.
How Safe Is My Drinking Water?
(Speaking Engagements - 03/18/11)
Environmental expert, Michael D. Klein, P.E., CHMM, presented on the Safe Water Drinking Act (SWDA) and its requirements for private water supply wells, public water works, drinking water distribution systems, the regulatory standards for each and the dangerous conditions that can exist in public and private drinking water systems.
An experienced delivery captain took possession of a brand new, high-end 35' sport fishing boat. Hours after leaving the dock, the boat sank in frigid water. The captain and crew died from hypothermia.
A 60', custom sport fishing boat struck a submerged object offshore, at high speed, and sunk in less than 30 minutes. Our expert, retained by the Captain's counsel, investigated the sinking to determine if the actions taken by the professional Captain following the holing hastened the sinking. This luxury vessel was constructed with multiple non-watertight athwartship bulkheads. Our expert, a naval architect, showed that as such, the vessel was really a single compartment boat.
The owner/Captain of a 36' lobster boat died when he took his boat out for the first time after winter layup and the boat flooded in frigid water. We were engaged by plaintiff's counsel for the boat owner's estate.

Following winter layup, the defendant boatyard launched the boat and reported to the owner, "She was tight and ready to go". However, the boatyard failed to properly secure an aft inspection valve.
A roofer was injured when he fell through a panel of gypsum roof decking at a commercial facility. The scope of the roofers’ project included removal of the existing roofing membrane and installation of a new membrane. On the day of the incident, the plaintiff was carrying two full pails of “glue” across a section of roof that had recently been covered with new insulation; he broke through the insulation and decking and fell 20-30 feet to the floor below.

Our expert showed that the decking collapse occurred because the deteriorated decking, stripped of the existing membrane, was unable to support the reasonable, expected loads. The owner of the building and the director of operations, acting as the design professional and construction administrator on this project, knew or should have known, that areas of gypsum decking were deteriorated and unable to support anticipated loadings. The building owner’s failure to survey the existing roof deck prior to construction and map out areas of known deterioration, as well as have a qualified person inspect the deck during roof stripping operations, exposed the plaintiff and his fellow workers to inadequate structural decking and was a cause of his injury. Our expert substantiated his opinion through use of applicable building codes and roofing standards.

The case settled favorably following the deposition of our expert.
A 13 year old youth with multiple disabilities was court ordered to attend a residential treatment program. During the course of his participation in the program he was sexually abused on multiple occasions by a staff member who had a questionable work history and an insufficient background check prior to hire. Robson Forensic was retained to evaluate the standard of care regarding organizational practices, supervision and the health and safety of the individual.
Death through Inadequate Care
(Our Work - 02/18/11)
A 46 year old man with multiple medical conditions resided in a residential home based program. As part of his Plan of Care he participated in community integration activities. On one such overnight activity, the staff member assigned to his supervision neglected to follow the outlined dietary restrictions and eating protocol when giving food. The resident died as a result of eating food in a manner that was contraindicated to his health and medical conditions. Robson Forensic was retained to evaluate the standard of care as it relates to the adherence to an individual’s plan of care, the policies and procedures of the residence and the actions of the employee.
A 55 year old man sustained multiple orthopedic and cognitive deficits as a result of a motor vehicle accident which impacted his ability to work and live independently. A life care plan was developed that was both duplicative and excessive. RFI was retained to determine the appropriateness and reasonability of the life care plan.
A 76 year old woman sustained carpal tunnel syndrome as a result of ongoing and repetitive work tasks at her job. Her physical limitations, education, work history and the current job market affected her ability to benefit from retraining to return to work. RFI was retained to perform a vocational rehabilitation assessment and to make determination as to her employability.
Plaintiff worked with various epoxy compounds while building aircraft components. Epoxy compounds are known potential sensitizing agents. Plaintiff worked without proper personal protective equipment (gloves) which caused skin irritation and sensitization over a nine month period. Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) and other product information from the chemical product manufacturer provided safety information but specific glove selection criteria was not provided. Plaintiff’s exposure to the epoxy materials caused severe skin irritation and sensitization.

RFI was retained by the plaintiff to determine whether the chemical product was defective in a manner that caused plaintiff’s injury, whether the chemical supplier violated applicable standards of care in a manner that caused plaintiff’s injury, and if the employer created a specific unsafe working condition that violated state or federal safety statutes, rules, or regulations in the industry and which created a high risk of serious injury.

RFI analyzed the safety issues of the epoxy chemicals, the adequacy of the safety information provided by the chemical manufacturer, and the actions of plaintiff’s employer regarding the standard of care required for the known specific hazard. The case settled favorably in mediation.
This study examined parent’s expectations, attitudes, and perceptions toward the relative safety of their children riding bicycles at night with reflectors and/or head and tail lights.
This study examined consumer beliefs towards the level of protection offered by motorcycle helmets varying in price ($35, $60, $120, $240); level of certification (none, DOT, SNELL, both DOT and Snell); and at high versus low speed lay-down type crashes.
Consumer’s interpretation and understanding of the commonly encountered instruction/warning “do not leave unattended” with respect to three different types of consumer products were examined. Two hundred and eleven respondents were surveyed in the Los Angeles, CA area. The majority of the participants interpreted the phrase differently than how the warning designer intended.
The hotel industry has often been accused of being negligent in the security of its guests. Negligent security claims have resulted in courts ruling that the hotel industry take a responsibility for the safety and security of their patrons. Security is one of the most important issues confronting the hotel industry today.
Motorcycle expert, Erin Higinbotham, P.E., radio interview regarding unintended acceleration on a motorcycle.
Ron Schaible investigated an incident involving a flash fire that occurred when combustible dust contacted the flame of an oxyacetylene torch.
Watch Elizabeth Trendowski’s News 12 interview regarding the responsible service of alcohol.
An Introduction to Electronic Stability Control
(Speaking Engagements - 09/14/10)
Presentation developed by the automotive engineers at Robson Forensic, provides an overview on Electronic Stability Control (ESC) systems, including information on how ESC systems work, their abilities and limitations.
This fifty six-vehicle collision occurred under winter conditions. Truck drivers claimed heavy snow conditions occurred suddenly. A meteorological analysis was performed to determine how quickly weather conditions and visibility were changing at and near the collision site. Two figures were developed to show how heavy snow and reduced visibility developed over a period of several minutes at the crash site and as the trucks approached the crash site.
This tragic pre-Christmas double fatal collision occurred when both a minivan and a tractor-trailer truck lost control on an ice covered freeway. First the minivan lost control and spun safely to a stop. Next the truck lost control, jacknifed and hit the driver of the minivan and the minivan.

One defense adopted by the tractor trailer was that both vehicle drivers lost control, how could you blame the collision on the truck? Our meteorological analysis showed that the ground icing developed and advanced in the direction of the truck and contrary to the direction of the minivan. The truck had been driving in ice condition for half an hour, while the minivan had just encountered the condition.
Matt earned a Commission in the United States Marine Corps in 1995, attended Naval Flight School, and was designated a Naval Aviator in 1998. He completed a Westpac deployment to the Middle East in 2001 and served in Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003. During OIF, he flew CASAVAC and combat missions, earning the Navy and Marine Corps Air Medal and Presidential Unit Citation.

Upon completion of his fleet tours, Matt was selected to instruct new helicopter pilots in the CH-46E. He attained the highest pilot evaluator qualification in Naval Aviation, was a Night Systems Flight Instructor and Instrument evaluator/examiner.
Ocean engineers combine several types of engineering. It is a mix of techniques and skills from mechanical, electrical, civil and chemical engineering...
The Long Term Impacts of Adding Oil to the Gulf Coast Eco-System: How will this affect our land, water, and air?
Forensic Anatomy of the Events on the Deepwater Horizon: A look at offshore drilling technology, both past and future.
Dram shop expert helped the families of four people, killed in a car crash by an off-duty police officer, reach a settlement with the officer and the restaurant/bar that provided the officer alcohol while she allegedly was intoxicated.
Watch Elizabeth Trendowski’s News 12 interview regarding the rise in female DUI’s. (Low sound volume)
Food Safety Expert: Barry Parsons, FMP

While dealing with reduced labor and, simultaneously, the expectation to become more efficient and productive, retailers are concerned about preparing food safely. It is imperative that their employees use food safety processes and procedures accurately, without taking shortcuts.
MDC Ordered To Pay $2.9 Million To Injured Bicyclist
(Verdicts \ Settlements - 05/13/10)
A Superior Court jury in Hartford awarded former children’s book illustrator $2.9 million for injuries suffered in a bicycle accident on land owned by the Metropolitan District Commission.
Presentation Capabilities
(Mailers - 05/03/10)
Each one of our experts has the skills necessary to perform a thorough and multi-dimensional investigation. With access to over 150 experts within one company, you are assured the most relevant insights to the topic of your choosing.
A pedestrian was injured on an early winter morning when a tree that had fallen onto the roadway was struck by a passing vehicle and pushed onto the pedestrian. The tree fell as a result of extensive decay in the lower portion of the trunk on the side of the tree facing the road.

Robson Forensic highway engineers addressed tree placement with regard to right-of-ways; our dendrologist addressed the rate of decay and deterioration of the tree; and our facilities engineer, Brian O’Donel, addressed the standard of care for the private property owner inspecting and maintaining buildings and grounds, including trees and tree removal.

Based on the tree’s rate of decay and the applicable standard of care for maintaining facilities, Brian was able to establish that the property owner knew, or should have known that the tree was in a dangerous condition for over a year prior to its falling. The property owner violated property maintenance standards and local codes when they failed to address the unsafe condition, and this violation was a cause of the pedestrian’s injury.

This case settled favorably for our client.
The new area manager for Robson Forensic in Glastonbury is a dram shop [where liquor is served] liability expert who is retained by legal counsel in cases where people get hurt by someone served too much alcohol or in cases where alcohol is served to a minor.
Playground Safety Report
(Our Work - 02/01/10)
A child suffered a concussion and traumatic brain injury in a fall at a municipal playground. His head struck what should have been a protective surface under the play equipment, but the loose fill bark mulch was so thin there were areas where the stone sub-surface was visible. Robson Forensic was retained to evaluate the safety of the playground and to explain the standard of care for safe playground operations and maintenance.
Robson Forensic was retained by plaintiff counsel on a case involving the partial loss of a finger due to high pressure injection of paint/solvent at an employer’s premises. Ron Schaible addressed multiple issues in this matter, including worker training & instruction, lack of use of guards for paint gun nozzles, and warnings.
A worker was trapped and suffered crush injuries to his abdomen and internal organs, when attempting to clear a jam in a copper coil stacker.
Presents an alternative way of looking at Agricultural Safety, that is, by applying Forensic lnvestigation, forensic Engineering, and Forensic Science techniques to accidents and illnesses specifically involving the operator.
This study examined middle-school-aged children's expectations, attitudes, and perceptions toward the relative safety of riding bicycles at night with reflectors and/or head and tail lights.
“May I see your ID please?” is the first question every liquor license establishment should require of their staff. Twenty-one is the legal age to purchase alcohol in every state in the U.S. While there are debates going on currently regarding lowering the drinking age, the legal age remains twenty-one to purchase alcohol. A person must show a valid ID to purchase alcohol. As a threshold matter, a valid ID is a non-expired ID. Valid IDs to purchase alcohol are issued by the state or federal government. These include drivers licenses, passports, green cards, state issued ID’s military ID and possibly gun permits. The liquor licensee should check with their state for the specific IDs allowable to purchase alcohol.
Dr. Raymond Lee delivered this presentation to the Pennsylvania Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers on October 2, 2009.

Dr. Lee is an expert in meteorology and visibility. He applies this expertise to the investigation of matters involving personal injury or economic loss.
Defense Verdict in High Speed Crash
(Verdicts \ Settlements - 08/12/09)
A jury found in favor of the County in a single vehicle run off the road crash on a County road. When the plaintiff rounded a curve to the left, his right wheels went off the pavement and he lost control, swerving across the roadway before striking a utility pole.
Well run swimming pools are an attractive amenity that can dramatically increase revenue. Improperly run aquatic facilities will increase liability instead, and an overlooked hazard can lead to tragedy. Following is a list of ten commonly overlooked items that are easy to address, and when given proper attention, may save money on insurance costs, and will save lives.
Construction cases often require an expert with focused expertise. We have experts in architecture, civil, electrical, mechanical, geotechnical and materials sciences.
Our vehicle crash group consists of reconstruction experts and highway engineers supported by specialists in areas that impact vehicle-related incidents such as conspicuity, illumination, visibility, materials science, meterorology, biomechanical and human factors
Specialty Cases inlcuding double homicide, visibilty, trailer injury, boating issues, engine defects, peir falls, anchor chain injury, icing issues and more.
Our premises liability team of architects and engineers is trained to investigate cases involving the design, construction, operation and maintenance of redidential, insttitutional and commercial premises.
Our industrial/workplace safety group includes engineers, occupational safety specialists and certified industrial hygienists.
DuPont Found Grossly Negligent in 2004 Spill
(Verdicts \ Settlements - 07/14/09)
On Monday, July 13, 2009, the jury hearing the 2004 DuPont Litigation returned a verdict in excess of $1.25 million for plaintiffs, who are but six of the 179 individuals suing E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Company for injuries they sustained as a result of DuPont's October 11, 2004 release of clouds of toxic fuming sulfuric acid from its Wurtland plant over large portions of Greenup County, Kentucky. The remaining 173 plaintiffs' cases will be tried, under the streamlined trial plan developed by the Honorable David L. Bunning, as soon as Octover 2009.
The field of human factors/ergonomics has grown into countless areas of human-system interactions, from product and machine design to driver safety and workplace injury reduction. There is now a large body of well established and empirical research to serve as the foundation for analyzing personal-injury and property-damage incidents to determine what happened, why it happened, could it have been safely mitigated, and who was responsible to ensure it did not happen. As such, human factors/ergonomics scientists and practitioners are being called upon in greater numbers to assist the courts in determining just outcomes for litigants. Their analyses and conclusions are being used to establish theories of liability for assigning corporate and social responsibility as well as defenses to such allegations.
A railroad worker had surgery for bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome and claimed a repetitive strain injury (RSI) was the cause. He alleged that he had been injured due to ergonomic hazards from the tools, machine and equipment he used, and the work tasks he performed in the course of his employment.
Bicycle Defect Causes Crash
(Verdicts \ Settlements - 04/08/09)
A man crashed his bicycle and suffered paralyzing injuries. According to a witness, the injured man was riding in front of him when he was suddenly catapulted from his bike and landed on his head.
The activities of summer may seem routine, but according to a leading safety organization, people are more likely to be injured in the summer than any other time throughout the year. Around the house, activities as routine as mowing the lawn or cooking on a grill can cause severe injuries. Swimming, water sports, and boating can result in drownings. A celebratory fireworks display can lead to severe burns or traumatic injuries.
In 2007 motor vehicle collisions resulted in excess of 40,000 fatalities and almost 2,500,000 injuries, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s website. It is often important to determine both how a crash occurred and the underlying causes of both the crash and resultant injury.
While at work, a building maintenance contract employee was adding bromine tablets to a brominator when there was a severe chemical reaction. The brominator was part of a water treatment system, which had changes made to its piping system. It was located in the chemical feed injection area of a generator room. The contents of the brominator violently released chemicals when a reaction occurred due to the presence of an incompatible substance in the brominator. The chemicals splashed into the man’s eyes and all over his body. The man, blinded and burned by the chemicals, attempted to make his way to an emergency shower which was in an adjacent building. He stumbled and fell over several obstacles before he finally reached the shower.

Robson Forensic was asked to determine if the sole emergency shower and eyewash was improperly located in a manner that contributed to the severity of the man’s injuries. We were also asked to determine if the actions of the chemical supplier were reasonable.
A woman passenger was killed and three others were injured when a power boat collided with a personal watercraft (PWC). Robson Forensic was retained to reconstruct the collision
Injury Causation
(Mailers - 01/06/09)
Our Bioengineering experts apply mechanical, electrical, and chemical engineering to determine the cause of bone, tissue and organ failure within the human body.
Building systems and appliances are designed to provide safety, comfort and convenience to those who use them.
Road Condition Expert Report
(Cases - 08/19/08)
This single-vehicle-run-off-the-road crash involved a 2002 Dodge 3500 passenger van transporting a group of employees.

One passenger died and four were injured as a result of the crash.

This investigation was performed to determine if dangerous roadway conditions were a cause of the crash.
When a taxi was struck on the left rear side by a police cruiser that admittedly ran a red light, one rear passenger was thrown from the car and both rear seat passengers were injured.
Many parent of teenagers remember their own days of drinking alcohol before they were of legal age. Some were able to get served at the local bar...
Expand Alcohol Server Training
(Articles - 07/20/08)
Most restaurants and bars don’t train their staff to detect when a patron is getting drunk. Public safety would be better served if Connecticut either made server training mandatory or created incentives that would motivate bars and restaurants to train personnel.
$35 Million Settlement in Class Action Fire Case
(Verdicts \ Settlements - 06/02/08)
A fire destroyed a business center and damaged neighboring buildings resulting in a class action suit with more than 100 claimants and 16 defendants.
$1.1 Million Settlement in School Trip Drowning Case
(Verdicts \ Settlements - 04/30/08)
A boy drowned in a creek while on a fieldtrip. Robson Forensic was retained to determine if the actions of the school or its designees contributed to the boy’s death.
When alcohol is identified as a factor in an injury incident, it is often assumed to be the only cause. Our experts determine if alcohol played a causative or contributing role.
A child’s safety depends in large part on the quality of adult supervision. Effective supervision is much more than merely watching children play.
Judge Acquits Driver of DUI in Criminal Homicide Case
(Verdicts \ Settlements - 02/14/08)
A settlement was reached in a two-car collision that resulted in the death of a passenger who was 8-months pregnant at the time.
Display Hook Injuries to Children
(Articles - 01/15/08)
No safety-minded individual would consider it reasonable to construct a wall with spikes projecting into the adjacent aisle ways which are hazards to children and can cause eye injuries.
Natatoriums, Pool Water Chemistry, Health Effects of pool Off-Gassing, Pool Operations Solutions, Chemical Solutions, Indoor Air Quality, and HVAC System Solutions
Ship Fire Safety Design
(Articles - 01/15/08)
Ship Fire Safety - International shipboard fire protection requirements for large passenger ships. Domestice regulations and standards for small passenger ships.
Jury Finds for Plaintiff in Hospital Warnings Case
(Verdicts \ Settlements - 12/12/07)
A patient fell and was injured when he stepped through an open door from a hospital cafeteria onto a patio.
A Missouri jury awarded $27 million to the family of a firefighter whose death was the result of a malfunctioning breathing apparatus.
It’s the hottest trend to hit the hospitality industry in decades: to increase heads in beds, just add an indoor waterpark to a hotel. It works so well that some chains have come up with their own formula to expedite the process. With all of the money flowing into these facilities and the rate at which they are being built (nearly 200 new resort waterparks are proposed or in progress for construction in the United States and Canada) it’s easy to understand why safety may be a secondary concern as players rush to get into the game and preserve their hard won market share of leisure and business travelers.
Our Bioengineering practice includes degreed and licensed Biomechanical and Biomedical Engineers. Our experts offer leading-edge technical expertise and interdisciplinary knowledge, combined with years of collective experience in litigation, arbitration and mediation. Working with both plaintiff and defense cases, we provide scrupulous analysis and a balanced perspective.
Robson Forensic has 20 years of experience analyzing aspects of cases and claims that are unique to child injuries. Our sports, recreation, facility design and product experts are active in organizations promulgating standards and procedures aimed at protecting children from injury.
The Robson Forensic, Inc. Vehicle Crash Group includes reconstruction, vehicle and highway engineers supported by specialists in areas that impact vehicle-related incidents such as materials science, meteorology, human factors, products and biomechanical engineering.
Robson Forensic, Inc. Human Factors experts provide scientific answers to questions involving perception, warnings, instructions and conspicuousness. We evaluate if the conditions that resulted in cases or claims were open and obvious as presented to the claimant.
When you have cases involving recreational boating, aquatics, or summer recreation, we can help. Our specialized marine and aquatic experts possess extensive experience and training in watercraft design, performance and operations and stand ready to assist your litigation/subrogation.
Mold is prominent in the news. But why now? This article summarizes some salient issues involving mold, including: (a) the current status of mold “science” and regulations; (b) what causes mold within indoor environments; (c) how the presence of mold is evaluated, and its implications for exposure; and (d) basic considerations in mold remediation projects.
Failing to build or defend a case in the best manner—which may be informed by electronic records, documents, or data—may not only prejudice the case, but be deemed malpractice.
It is often the tendency in industry to look at a dangerous situation and try to decide what the appropriate machine guarding technique or device should be employed. This practice may produce satisfactory results but it overlooks the first step in the safety hierarchy.
This paper presents an overview of what risk is, its relationship to hazards, how it can be assessed and used to make intelligent business decisions, and how risk may be perceived by employers, workers, and those that help decide matters involving litigation – jurors.
“If anything can go wrong, it will do so at the worst possible moment and in the worst possible ways”. Ron Schaible investigated an incident involving a runaway chemical process that was improperly engineered. Coupled with workers who were not properly trained in the hazards of the chemicals and who were not provided with proper engineering controls and proper personal protective equipment, injury was sure to result. This case settled before Ron Schaible was scheduled to be deposed.
Bicycle Crash Reconstruction
(Articles - 10/01/05)
Bicycle Crash Reconstruction involves the application of scientific and engineering principles to determine how the incident started and what initiated the loss of control. Vehicle speeds and positions at various times and distances are investigated, as well as the location of vehicles at impact.
Robson Forensic Brochure
(Mailers - 08/07/02)
Robson Forensic has been providing high quality and professional forensic engineering, architectural, scientific and investigative services throughout the United States since 1987. Robson Forensic provides expertise in a broad range of forensic and technical disciplines.